In today’s competitive market, securing funding is a critical step for entrepreneurs. Lenders often evaluate both personal and business credit scores to determine eligibility. A minimum credit score can significantly impact the approval process, making it essential to understand how these scores are assessed.
Many lenders now offer flexible options, including no credit check loans, to accommodate diverse financial situations. Platforms like Kiva and PayPal Working Capital provide accessible solutions for those with limited credit history. These evolving options make it easier for entrepreneurs to find the right fit for their needs.
This guide will explore practical strategies and loan options available in 2025. Whether you’re looking for a business loan or alternative financing, understanding your credit score and available resources is key to success.
Key Takeaways
- Lenders evaluate both personal and business credit scores for loan approvals.
- No credit check options are available through platforms like Kiva and PayPal.
- A minimum credit score can impact your eligibility for financing.
- Understanding your credit score is essential for securing funding.
- This guide provides strategies and solutions for 2025 financing needs.
Exploring “poor credit business finance” Solutions
Access to capital is essential for growth, even with financial hurdles. For entrepreneurs facing challenges, understanding the available financing options can make all the difference. This section dives into solutions tailored for those with limited financial history or lower scores.
What Are “Poor Credit Business Finance” Solutions?
These solutions cater to individuals who may not meet traditional lending criteria. Instead of relying solely on a personal credit score, lenders evaluate other factors like revenue or business performance. This approach opens doors for entrepreneurs who might otherwise struggle to secure funding.
Lenders That Sidestep Strict Credit Checks
Some lenders focus on alternative evaluations rather than a rigid credit check. Platforms like Kiva and PayPal Working Capital prioritize business health over personal scores. These options provide flexibility and accessibility for entrepreneurs in need of immediate funding.
Alternative Evaluations for Loan Eligibility
Lenders often consider annual revenue, cash flow, and business growth when assessing applications. For example, a company with strong sales but a lower personal credit score may still qualify for a working capital loan. This shift in criteria ensures that businesses with potential aren’t overlooked.
Common Loan Types for Low Personal Credit
Several loan types are available for those with limited financial history. These include:
- Working Capital Loans: Short-term funding to cover daily expenses.
- Merchant Cash Advances: Advances based on future credit card sales.
- Invoice Financing: Loans secured by unpaid invoices.
| Loan Type | Key Features |
|---|---|
| Working Capital Loan | Short-term, up to $500,000, quick approval |
| Merchant Cash Advance | Based on future sales, higher fees |
| Invoice Financing | Secured by unpaid invoices, flexible terms |
Understanding these options can help entrepreneurs navigate the financing landscape with confidence. Whether it’s a working capital loan or an alternative solution, there’s a fit for every business need.
The Role of Business Financing for Small Entrepreneurs
Funding plays a pivotal role in helping small businesses thrive. For entrepreneurs, access to capital is essential for covering daily expenses, investing in growth, and navigating unexpected challenges. However, financial hurdles can make securing loans difficult, especially when traditional lenders focus heavily on business credit scores.
Why Loans Matter When Financial History is Limited
When personal or business credit scores fall below the minimum credit threshold, traditional funding options may become inaccessible. This is where alternative loans step in. These solutions focus on factors like revenue, cash flow, and business potential rather than strict credit checks. For example, platforms like PayPal Working Capital prioritize business health over personal scores, offering flexibility for entrepreneurs in need.
Impacts of Financial Challenges on Funding Options
Financial challenges can restrict access to traditional loans, but they don’t have to halt growth. Entrepreneurs can explore options like merchant cash advances or invoice financing, which bypass traditional credit requirements. These strategies provide immediate funding, allowing businesses to maintain operations and invest in long-term stability.
Here’s a quick comparison of alternative funding options:
| Option | Key Benefits |
|---|---|
| Merchant Cash Advance | Based on future sales, quick approval |
| Invoice Financing | Secured by unpaid invoices, flexible terms |
| Working Capital Loan | Supports daily operations, up to $500,000 |
Understanding these options empowers entrepreneurs to make informed decisions. Whether it’s a working capital loan or an alternative solution, there’s a fit for every business need.
Understanding Credit Scores and Loan Requirements
Understanding how credit scores work is essential for securing loans. Lenders use these scores to assess financial risk and determine eligibility. A higher score often leads to better terms, while a lower score can limit options or increase costs.
The Importance of Minimum Credit Scores
Most lenders require a minimum credit score for approval. For example, OnDeck requires a FICO score of at least 625. Scores below this threshold may still qualify, but often come with higher interest rates.
Here’s a breakdown of credit score categories:
| Category | FICO Score Range |
|---|---|
| Poor | 300 – 579 |
| Fair | 580 – 669 |
| Good | 670 – 739 |
| Very Good | 740 – 799 |
| Exceptional | 800+ |
Borrowers with lower scores may face stricter terms, such as shorter repayment periods or higher collateral requirements.
Personal Credit vs. Business Credit Explained
Lenders evaluate both personal credit and business credit when assessing applications. Personal credit reflects individual financial history, while business credit measures a company’s financial health.
Here’s how they differ:
- Personal Credit: Based on individual payment history, debt levels, and credit utilization.
- Business Credit: Evaluates company revenue, cash flow, and payment history with vendors.
Some lenders, like PayPal Working Capital, prioritize business performance over personal scores. This approach benefits entrepreneurs with strong sales but lower personal credit scores.
“A robust business performance can offset a lower credit score, making it easier to secure funding.”
By understanding these factors, borrowers can better navigate the loan application process and improve their chances of approval.
Evaluating Business Loan Options
Finding the right funding solution can be a game-changer for entrepreneurs. Loans come in various forms, from microloans to larger working capital options, each designed to meet specific needs. Understanding these differences is crucial for making informed decisions.
Microloans, typically under $50,000, are ideal for startups or smaller ventures. These loans often have flexible terms and are easier to qualify for. On the other hand, working capital loans provide larger sums, up to $500,000, to cover daily expenses or growth initiatives.
The term “loan” encompasses a wide range of options with diverse repayment plans. Some lenders offer short-term solutions, while others provide long-term financing. Evaluating lender requirements thoroughly ensures you choose the best fit for your situation.
Small business loans vary significantly in structure and application processes. Approval times can range from a few days to several weeks, depending on the lender. Fees and interest rates also differ, so it’s essential to compare options carefully.
Key components to consider include:
- Approval Times: Some lenders offer quick approvals, while others require detailed reviews.
- Fees: Origination fees, late payment penalties, and other costs can impact the total loan amount.
- Credit Checks: Some lenders perform hard credit checks, which may affect your score, while others focus on alternative evaluations.
By understanding these factors, you can navigate the loan landscape with confidence and secure the funding your venture needs to thrive.
Navigating Working Capital Loans and Business Line Credit
Managing cash flow effectively is vital for any company’s survival and growth. Working capital loans and business lines of credit are two powerful tools designed to address urgent financial needs. While both options provide flexibility, they serve different purposes and come with unique features.
How Working Capital Loans Provide Immediate Funding
Working capital loans are short-term solutions aimed at covering daily operational expenses. They offer immediate cash flow, helping businesses stabilize during challenging times. For example, PayPal Working Capital provides funding based on sales history rather than a strict credit score.
These loans are ideal for:
- Covering payroll or inventory costs.
- Managing seasonal fluctuations in revenue.
- Addressing unexpected expenses.
With quick approval times, often within a few days, working capital loans are a lifeline for businesses in need of urgent support.
Pros and Cons of Business Lines of Credit
A business line of credit offers flexibility by allowing companies to withdraw funds as needed. Unlike a term loan, you only pay interest on the amount used. This makes it an economical choice for fluctuating expenses.
Here’s a quick comparison:
| Feature | Business Line of Credit | Term Loan |
|---|---|---|
| Flexibility | High | Low |
| Interest | Only on used amount | On full loan amount |
| Repayment | Revolving | Fixed |
However, lines of credit may come with higher interest rates and stricter eligibility criteria. Lenders often evaluate both credit score and annual revenue when assessing applications.
“A business line of credit provides the flexibility to manage cash flow without committing to a large loan upfront.”
Platforms like Square Loans and PayPal Working Capital are excellent examples of lenders that prioritize business performance over traditional metrics. By understanding these options, you can choose the right tool to support your company’s financial health.
Benefits of Financing Without a Credit Check
Exploring financing options without a credit check can open doors for many entrepreneurs. These solutions are designed to help those with limited financial history or immediate funding needs. By focusing on metrics like revenue and business performance, lenders can offer flexibility where traditional methods fall short.
When No-Credit-Check Options Make Sense
No-credit-check financing is ideal for startups or companies under financial stress. For example, a new venture with strong sales but limited history may struggle to meet traditional requirements. Platforms like PayPal Working Capital and Square Loans evaluate annual revenue instead of credit scores, making them accessible alternatives.
These options also benefit businesses facing unexpected expenses or seasonal cash flow challenges. A capital loan based on future sales can provide immediate relief without the need for a credit check. However, it’s important to weigh the tradeoffs, such as higher fees or shorter repayment terms.
“No-credit-check financing allows businesses to focus on growth rather than past financial hurdles.”
How Lenders Evaluate Without Credit Checks
Lenders use alternative metrics to assess eligibility. For instance, PayPal evaluates a company’s sales history, while Square considers account activity and processing volume. These methods ensure that businesses with strong performance aren’t overlooked due to a lack of credit history.
Here’s how these lenders operate:
- PayPal Working Capital: Offers loans based on annual sales, with no credit check required.
- Square Loans: Uses account history and processing volume to determine eligibility.
- Kiva: Focuses on community support and crowdfunding to prove creditworthiness.
By understanding these options, entrepreneurs can find the right fit for their needs. Whether it’s a capital loan or an alternative solution, no-credit-check financing provides a valuable path to funding.
Comparing Interest Rates and Repayment Terms for Business Loans
Choosing the right loan terms can significantly impact your financial stability. Interest rates and repayment structures vary widely across lenders, making it essential to compare options carefully. Understanding these factors ensures you secure the best deal for your needs.
Fixed and variable rates are two common models. Fixed rates remain constant throughout the loan term, providing predictable payments. Variable rates, on the other hand, fluctuate with market conditions, which can lead to lower initial costs but higher payments over time.
Here’s a quick comparison of common loan types:
- Term Loans: Fixed payments over a set period, ideal for long-term investments.
- Lines of Credit: Flexible access to funds, with interest only on the amount used.
- Merchant Cash Advances: Repayment based on future sales, often with higher fees.
Hidden fees can also affect the total cost of financing. Origination fees, prepayment penalties, and late payment charges add up quickly. Always review the fine print to avoid unexpected expenses.
“Understanding the full scope of loan costs helps you make informed decisions and avoid financial pitfalls.”
Negotiating better terms is possible with thorough market research. Compare offers from multiple lenders and highlight your company’s strengths, such as strong revenue or consistent cash flow. This approach can lead to lower rates and more favorable repayment schedules.
For example, SBA loans offer fixed rates between 13.50% to 16.50%, while online lenders may charge between 6% to 99%. Evaluating these options ensures you choose the most cost-effective solution for your financing needs.
How Lenders Evaluate Poor Credit Applications
Lenders often look beyond traditional metrics to assess funding eligibility. For applicants with limited financial history, factors like annual revenue and overall financial health take center stage. This approach ensures that strong-performing ventures aren’t overlooked due to past challenges.
The Role of Annual Revenue and Financial Health
Annual revenue is a critical factor in loan evaluations. Lenders like PayPal Working Capital and Square Loans prioritize sales history over strict credit checks. For example, PayPal requires a minimum annual revenue of $20,000, while Square evaluates account activity and processing volume.
Financial health also plays a significant role. Metrics like cash flow stability and debt-to-income ratios help lenders assess risk. A company with consistent cash flow and manageable debt is more likely to secure funding, even with a limited financial history.
Other Essential Loan Requirements
Beyond revenue, lenders consider several key factors:
- Time in Business: Most lenders require at least six months to two years of operation.
- Cash Flow Stability: Consistent income streams increase approval chances.
- Collateral: Assets like inventory or accounts receivable can secure loans.
These requirements ensure that lenders balance risk with potential. For instance, a startup with strong sales but limited history may still qualify for a loan option like a merchant cash advance.
| Lender | Key Evaluation Metrics |
|---|---|
| PayPal Working Capital | Annual revenue, sales history |
| Square Loans | Account activity, processing volume |
| Kiva | Community support, crowdfunding |
“By focusing on business potential rather than past hurdles, lenders can provide accessible funding solutions.”
Understanding these evaluation processes empowers applicants to prepare stronger applications. Whether it’s highlighting annual revenue or showcasing cash flow stability, these strategies improve approval odds for loan options tailored to diverse needs.
Strategies for Improving Business and Personal Credit Health
Building a strong financial foundation is key to unlocking better opportunities. Whether you’re focusing on personal or professional profiles, taking proactive steps can lead to significant improvements. Here’s how you can enhance your financial standing over time.
Practical Tips to Build a Strong Financial Profile
Establishing trade lines is one of the most effective ways to strengthen your financial reputation. For example, working with vendors who report payments to major agencies can help build a positive history. Regularly monitoring your profile ensures accuracy and helps you address issues promptly.
Here are actionable strategies to consider:
- Set Up Trade Lines: Partner with vendors or suppliers that report payments to financial agencies.
- Maintain a Routine: Pay bills on time every month to build a consistent payment history.
- Monitor Progress: Use tools like Nav Prime to track your profile and identify areas for improvement.
Maintaining a Positive Financial Score
Keeping your financial score healthy requires ongoing effort. Start by keeping your utilization low—aim to use less than 30% of your available resources. Regularly reviewing your profile helps you spot errors or discrepancies early.
Here’s a timeline to track your progress:
- First Month: Review your current profile and set specific goals.
- Six Months: Evaluate improvements in your payment history and utilization.
- One Year: Assess overall progress and adjust strategies as needed.
“A proactive approach to financial management ensures long-term stability and opens doors to better opportunities.”
By following these strategies, you can build a strong financial foundation. Whether you’re a borrower seeking better terms or an individual aiming for stability, these steps provide a clear path to success.
Exploring Alternative Funding Options for Limited Credit
When traditional loans are out of reach, innovative funding solutions can bridge the gap. Entrepreneurs with limited financial history often face hurdles in securing capital, but alternative options provide accessible pathways. These solutions are designed to meet diverse needs, offering flexibility and speed that traditional banks may not.
Crowdfunding, Invoice Financing, and Equipment Loans
Crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter and Indiegogo allow entrepreneurs to raise capital by pitching their ideas to a broad audience. This method is ideal for startups with compelling stories but limited financial history. However, it requires a strong marketing strategy to meet funding goals.
Invoice financing is another option, where unpaid invoices are used as collateral for a loan amount. This solution is particularly useful for companies with steady cash flow but delayed payments. It provides immediate funds without waiting for clients to pay.
Equipment loans are tailored for businesses needing specific tools or machinery. These loans use the equipment as collateral, reducing the risk for lenders. This makes it easier for companies to secure funding even with limited financial history.
Microloans and Other Nontraditional Options
Microloans offer smaller loan amounts, typically under $50,000, with manageable fees. Organizations like Accion and Kiva provide these loans to startups and small ventures. They focus on the entrepreneur’s potential rather than strict financial metrics.
Peer-to-peer lending connects borrowers directly with individual investors. Platforms like LendingClub and Prosper evaluate applications based on business performance and personal profiles. This approach often results in quicker approvals compared to traditional banks.
Here’s a comparison of alternative funding options:
| Option | Key Features |
|---|---|
| Crowdfunding | Based on public support, requires strong pitch |
| Invoice Financing | Uses unpaid invoices as collateral, quick access |
| Microloans | Smaller amounts, lower fees, flexible terms |
“Alternative funding options empower entrepreneurs to overcome financial barriers and focus on growth.”
These nontraditional solutions provide the flexibility and speed that many ventures need. Whether it’s through crowdfunding, invoice financing, or microloans, there’s a fit for every entrepreneur’s unique situation.
Leveraging Payment Processors for Unconventional Financing
Payment processors are reshaping how companies access funding in innovative ways. Platforms like PayPal and Square have introduced models that bypass traditional requirements, making financing more accessible. These solutions focus on sales performance rather than rigid metrics, offering flexibility for growing ventures.
How PayPal Working Capital Can Support Your Venture
PayPal Working Capital is a standout example of unconventional financing. Instead of relying on credit scores, it evaluates a company’s sales history. This approach allows businesses with strong revenue but limited financial history to secure funding. The loan amount is tailored to your sales volume, ensuring it aligns with your needs.
One of the key benefits is automated repayment. A fixed percentage of daily sales is deducted, simplifying the process and reducing administrative hassle. This model is ideal for businesses with fluctuating cash flow, as repayments adjust based on performance.
However, there are considerations to keep in mind. The interest rates may be higher compared to traditional loans, and eligibility depends on consistent sales activity. It’s essential to evaluate your cash flow patterns before committing to this option.
“PayPal Working Capital provides a flexible funding solution that adapts to your business’s unique needs.”
Benefits and Drawbacks of Payment Processor Financing
Payment processor financing offers several advantages:
- Quick Access: Funds are often available within hours of approval.
- No Credit Checks: Eligibility is based on sales performance, not financial history.
- Automated Repayments: Deductions are tied to daily sales, reducing manual effort.
Despite these benefits, there are potential drawbacks:
- Higher Costs: The interest rates can be steeper than traditional loans.
- Sales Dependency: Eligibility and repayments rely on consistent sales activity.
- Limited Flexibility: Loan amounts are tied to your sales volume, which may not suit all needs.
Real-World Examples of Success
Many entrepreneurs have successfully leveraged payment processor financing. For instance, a small e-commerce store used PayPal Working Capital to stock inventory during a peak season. The automated repayments ensured they could manage cash flow without stress.
Another example is a food truck owner who used Square Loans to upgrade equipment. The quick approval process and flexible terms allowed them to focus on growth rather than paperwork.
| Platform | Key Features |
|---|---|
| PayPal Working Capital | Sales-based eligibility, automated repayments |
| Square Loans | Quick approvals, flexible terms |
By understanding these options, you can choose the right financing solution for your venture. Whether it’s a business line credit or a sales-based loan, payment processors offer innovative pathways to growth.
Case Studies: Real-World Success in Financing with Low Credit
Many ventures have successfully secured funding despite initial challenges. Real-world examples from lenders like Fundible and Credibly demonstrate how businesses overcame financial hurdles. These stories highlight the importance of understanding credit score requirements and leveraging key factors to achieve success.
One notable case involves a small e-commerce store that secured a $50,000 loan from Fundible. Despite a low personal score, the company met the credit score requirement by showcasing strong annual revenue. The amount received allowed them to expand inventory and increase sales by 30% within six months.
Another example is a restaurant owner who partnered with Credibly. With a score below 600, they focused on cash flow stability and business growth. Credibly approved a $75,000 loan, emphasizing the factor of consistent revenue over traditional metrics. This funding enabled the restaurant to renovate its space and attract more customers.
Key lessons from these cases include:
- Highlighting Revenue: Demonstrating strong sales can offset a low score.
- Focusing on Cash Flow: Consistent income is a critical factor for approval.
- Exploring Alternative Lenders: Platforms like Fundible and Credibly offer flexible credit score requirements.
Here’s a comparison of the loan details:
| Business | Loan Amount | Key Factor |
|---|---|---|
| E-commerce Store | $50,000 | Annual Revenue |
| Restaurant | $75,000 | Cash Flow Stability |
“Understanding the credit score requirement and focusing on business performance can open doors to funding.”
These success stories illustrate that with the right approach, businesses can secure the amount they need to grow. By emphasizing key factors like revenue and cash flow, entrepreneurs can overcome initial challenges and achieve their goals.
Preparing a Strong Application for Poor Credit Finance
Crafting a compelling application is the first step toward securing the resources you need. A well-prepared submission not only increases your chances of approval but also demonstrates your commitment to financial responsibility. Whether you’re seeking a service loan or funding for equipment, the right approach can make all the difference.
Essential Documentation and Financial Health Strategies
Compiling all necessary documents is crucial for a smooth application process. Lenders often require proof of income, tax returns, and bank statements to assess your financial health. These documents provide a clear picture of your ability to repay the fund.
Here’s a checklist of essential documents:
| Document | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Bank Statements | Show cash flow and financial stability |
| Tax Returns | Verify income and tax compliance |
| Credit Reports | Provide a snapshot of your financial history |
In addition to documentation, showcasing your financial health is vital. Highlight consistent revenue, low debt-to-income ratios, and collateral assets. These factors can offset a lower score and strengthen your application.
Tips for a Successful Loan Application
Avoiding common pitfalls is essential for a successful submission. One major mistake is incomplete or inaccurate information. Double-check all forms and ensure your documents are up-to-date.
Here are practical tips to improve your chances:
- Be Transparent: Clearly explain any financial challenges and how you plan to address them.
- Highlight Strengths: Emphasize consistent revenue, strong cash flow, or valuable collateral.
- Research Lenders: Choose lenders that align with your needs, such as those offering SBA Microloans or flexible terms.
“A well-prepared application not only increases approval odds but also positions you as a reliable borrower.”
By following these strategies, you can navigate the application process with confidence. Whether you’re seeking a service loan or funding for equipment, a strong application is your key to success.
Understanding Regulatory and Compliance Considerations
Navigating the regulatory landscape is crucial for securing and managing loans effectively. Compliance with federal and state laws ensures smoother application processes and avoids penalties. Whether you’re applying for a term loan or alternative financing, understanding these requirements is essential.
Different types of loans are subject to varying compliance standards. For example, SBA loans have strict documentation requirements, while online lenders may focus on revenue and cash flow. Knowing these differences helps you prepare a stronger application and meet legal obligations.
Federal and state regulations also impact repayment structures. Some laws cap interest rates, while others mandate specific terms for certain loan types. Staying informed about these rules ensures you choose the right financing option for your needs.
Documentation is a key component of compliance. Lenders often require bank statements, tax returns, and credit reports to verify your financial health. Ensuring these documents are accurate and up-to-date can speed up the approval process.
Here’s a breakdown of essential documentation:
| Document | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Bank Statements | Show cash flow and financial stability |
| Tax Returns | Verify income and tax compliance |
| Credit Reports | Provide a snapshot of your financial history |
Staying updated with changing regulations is equally important. For instance, the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) requires businesses to implement specific privacy protocols. Regularly reviewing these rules helps you remain compliant and avoid legal issues.
“Compliance with regulatory standards not only ensures legal adherence but also builds trust with lenders and stakeholders.”
By understanding and adhering to these considerations, you can navigate the loan application process with confidence. Whether it’s a term loan or alternative financing, compliance is the foundation of financial success.
Best Practices for Managing Loan Repayment and Funding Success
From the first day of repayment, a well-crafted plan can make all the difference. Structured strategies not only help avoid default but also pave the way for future funding opportunities. Whether you’re managing a line of credit or a term loan, proactive financial planning is key to long-term stability.
Effective Repayment Strategies
Scheduling regular payments is the foundation of a strong repayment plan. Automating payments ensures you never miss a due date, while monitoring account activity helps you stay on track. Many lenders offer early repayment incentives, such as reduced interest rates, which can save you money over time.
Here are actionable tips to build a robust repayment plan:
- Set a Budget: Allocate funds specifically for repayments to avoid overspending.
- Monitor Cash Flow: Track income and expenses to ensure you can meet payment obligations.
- Leverage Incentives: Take advantage of early repayment discounts offered by lenders.
“A structured repayment plan not only avoids penalties but also strengthens your financial profile for future applications.”
Building Long-Term Financial Stability
Proper management of loan repayments sets the foundation for future funding success. Lenders often evaluate your repayment history when considering new applications. A consistent track record demonstrates reliability and increases your chances of approval.
Here’s a comparison of repayment strategies:
| Strategy | Key Benefits |
|---|---|
| Automated Payments | Ensures timely repayments, reduces risk of default |
| Early Repayment | Saves on interest, improves financial health |
| Budget Allocation | Maintains cash flow, avoids overspending |
By implementing these strategies, you can navigate repayment challenges with confidence. Whether it’s a line of credit or a term loan, a proactive approach ensures long-term financial stability and opens doors to future opportunities.
Conclusion
Securing the right funding solution can transform your entrepreneurial journey. This guide has explored actionable strategies, alternative options, and tips to help you navigate the process with confidence. Even with limited financial history, there are viable avenues to obtain the cash you need to grow.
From evaluating lenders to preparing a strong application, the key is to focus on your strengths. Highlighting consistent revenue or strong sales can offset other challenges. Platforms like PayPal Working Capital and Square Loans offer flexible solutions tailored to your needs.
Every business owner has unique circumstances. Take the time to assess your situation and choose the option that aligns with your goals. For further guidance, consider reaching out to reputable lenders or exploring additional resources. Your path to success starts with the right funding strategy.
